Stage HH36

β-catenin

β-catenin expression at HH36

β-catenin (brown stain) overall weak cytoplasmic and nuclear expression. (1, 6) High cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in epithelium and nearby mesenchyme across the outer edge of the upper and lower jaw. (2) No expression in some areas of the developing nasal cartilage. Medium cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in (3) cell condensation and (4) epithelial buds. Absence of expression in (5) basihyal cartilage and medium cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in (5, 6) myogenic areas. Scale bars are 50µm. See β-catenin expression across all stages here.

BMP4

BMP4 expression at HH36

BMP4 (red stain) shows weak cytoplasmic expression across the beak but is absent at the tip. (1) Weak cytoplasmic expression in developing nasal cartilage and (2) nasal conchae, but no expression in surrounding mesenchyme. (3) Premaxillary condensation with low cytoplasmic expression. (4) High cytoplasmic expression in blood cells. (5) No expression in basihyal cartilage and medium expression in (5, 6) muscle tissue. Scale bars are 50µm. See BMP4 expression across all stages here.

CaM

CaM expression at HH36

CaM (brown stain) shows overall weak cytoplasmic and nuclear expression, (1) including the nasal conchae but with low nuclear expression in the surrounding mesenchyme and developing nasal cartilage. (2) Medium cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in emerging osteogenic region. Weak cytoplasmic expression in developing (3) premaxillary and (6) Meckel's cartilage. No expression in (4) basihyal cartilage or tip of upper and (5) outer edge of lower jaw. Strong nuclear expression in blood cells. Scale bars are 50µm. See CaM expression across all stages here.

DKK3

DKK3 expression at HH36

DKK3 (red stain) shows overall weak cytoplasmic expression in upper jaw and medium in lower jaw. (1) Emerging osteogenic region, (2) nasal conchae and (3) cell condensation in upper jaw shows medium cytoplasmic expression. (4) Paraglossal condensation with low expression and moderate expression in surrounding mesenchyme. (5) Contrast of medium and high cytoplasmic expression in both mesenchyme and epithelium. (6) Meckel's cartilage with weak cytoplasmic expression and moderate to high expression in surrounding mesenchyme. Scale bars are 50µm. See DKK3 expression across all stages here.

FGF8

FGF8 expression at HH36

FGF8 (brown stain) shows overall weak cytoplasmic and nuclear expression while showing only nuclear expression at the tip. (1) Low nuclear expression in developing nasal cartilage and blood cells with high cytoplasmic and nuclear expression. (2) Weak cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in epithelium surrounding nasal cavity and nasal epithelium with combination of weak and strong nuclear expression in adjacent developing cartilage. (3) Low and high nuclear expression in developing premaxillary cartilage. (4) Developing cartilage with strong cytoplasmic and nuclear expression while surrounding muscle and mesenchyme show weak expression. (5) Developing salivary glands. (6) Strong nuclear expression in Meckel's cartilage with weak nuclear to nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in surrounding mesenchyme. Scale bars are 50µm. See FGF8 expression across all stages here.

IHH

IHH expression at HH36

IHH (red stain) shows weak cytoplasmic expression in top region of the upper jaw with more localized expression in the lower jaw. (1) Low expression in nasal conchae and medium expression in developing premaxillary cartilage with no expression in adjacent mesenchyme. (2) Moderate cytoplasmic expression in emerging osteogenic region and weak expression in epithelium surrounding nasal cavity but no expression in mesenchyme. Strong cytoplasmic expression in muscle (3) adjacent to nasal cartilage, which shows weak expression, (4) surrounding basihyal cartilage, with the latter showing moderate expression and (5) next to epithelium. (6) Moderate cytoplasmic expression in developing Meckel's cartilage with absent to moderate to high expression in surrounding mesenchyme. Scale bars are 50µm. See IHH expression across all stages here.

TGFβ2

TGFβ2 expression at HH36

TGFβ2 (brown stain) shows overall weak cytoplasmic and perinuclear expression. (1) Weak preinuclear expression in nasal cartilage while cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic and perinuclear expression in surrounding mesenchyme. (2) Low cytoplasmic and perinuclear expression in nasal conchae and low perinuclear expression in adjacent mesenchyme. (3) Moderate to high cytoplasmic and perinuclear expression in developing premaxillary cartilage. Emerging osteogenic region with (4) high and (6) moderate cytoplasmic and perinuclear expression. (5) Low expression in basihyal cartilage and surrounding mesenchyme. Scale bars are 50µm. See TGFβ2 expression across all stages here.

WNT4

WNT4 expression at HH36

WNT4 (red stain) is locally expressed with (1) moderate cytoplasmic expression in intermediate region of the nasal cartilage and weak expression in surrounding mesenchyme and nasal epithelium. (2) Nasal cartilage and nasal epithelium show low expression while expression is absent in adjacent mesenchyme. Strong cytoplasmic expression in (3) edge of developing premaxillary cartilage and (4) basihyal cartilage with low expression in adjacent mesenchyme. (5) Paraglossal cartilage with medium expression and high expression in perichondrogenic area. (6) Weak to no expression in mesenchyme. Scale bars are 50µm. See WNT4 expression across all stages here.